FPGA Implementation of AI-Based Inverter IGBT Open Circuit Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motor Drives

In modern industrial manufacturing processes, induction motors are broadly utilized as industrial drives. Online condition monitoring and diagnosis of faults that occur inside and/or outside of the Induction Motor Drive (IMD) system makes the motor highly reliable, helping to avoid unsched-uled downtimes, which cause more revenue loss and disruption of production, thus making it as the extensively used industrial drive. This can be achieved only when the irregularities produced out of the fault circumstance are sensed at that instant itself and diagnosed as to what and where happened for suitable action by the protective equipment employed. This requires intelligent control with high performance scheme. Hence, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based Neuro-Genetic implementation with Back Propagation Neural Network (BPN) is suggested in this article to diagnose the fault more efficiently and almost instantly. It is reported that the classifica-tion of neural network will provide the output within 2 µs although the clone procedure with mi-crocontroller requires 7 ms. This intelligent control with high performance technique is applied to the IMD fed by Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) to diagnose the fault external to the induction motor occurring in the VSI supply system. The proposed approach was simulated and experimentally validated.publishedVersio

SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion

Abstract: The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in the state of Maharashtra in late 2020 and spread throughout India, outcompeting pre-existing lineages including B.1.617.1 (Kappa) and B.1.1.7 (Alpha)1. In vitro, B.1.617.2 is sixfold less sensitive to serum neutralizing antibodies from recovered individuals, and eightfold less sensitive to vaccine-elicited antibodies, compared with wild-type Wuhan-1 bearing D614G. Serum neutralizing titres against B.1.617.2 were lower in ChAdOx1 vaccinees than in BNT162b2 vaccinees. B.1.617.2 spike pseudotyped viruses exhibited compromised sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies to the receptor-binding domain and the amino-terminal domain. B.1.617.2 demonstrated higher replication efficiency than B.1.1.7 in both airway organoid and human airway epithelial systems, associated with B.1.617.2 spike being in a predominantly cleaved state compared with B.1.1.7 spike. The B.1.617.2 spike protein was able to mediate highly efficient syncytium formation that was less sensitive to inhibition by neutralizing antibody, compared with that of wild-type spike. We also observed that B.1.617.2 had higher replication and spike-mediated entry than B.1.617.1, potentially explaining the B.1.617.2 dominance. In an analysis of more than 130 SARS-CoV-2-infected health care workers across three centres in India during a period of mixed lineage circulation, we observed reduced ChAdOx1 vaccine effectiveness against B.1.617.2 relative to non-B.1.617.2, with the caveat of possible residual confounding. Compromised vaccine efficacy against the highly fit and immune-evasive B.1.617.2 Delta variant warrants continued infection control measures in the post-vaccination era

Studies on genetic diversity of Kongu Vellalar population using mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome markers

The genetic diversity of Kongu Vellalar population of Salem District Tamil Nadu was studied using mt DNA and Y-chromosomal biallelic SNP markers. In this study, 400 base pair of the HVR-1 region and selected coding regions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and 8 Y chromosome SNPs were analyzed in 96 Kongu Vellalar caste population of Tamil Nadu, and compared the results with the available data from the Indian subcontinent. It was observed that all the individuals of Kongu Vellalar caste population were falling in macrohaplogroup M and N. Further, subhaplogrouping of "M" revealed that Kongu Vellalar caste population was falling in haplogroup M*, M35 and M5. On the other hand at the Y chromosome haplogroup level 29% of the studied Kongu Vellalar caste population falls in Indian specific haplogroup M82-H1a. Our study concluded that there might be an admixture of this population with the surrounding Austro-Asiatic populations

FPGA Implementation of AI-Based Inverter IGBT Open Circuit Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motor Drives

In modern industrial manufacturing processes, induction motors are broadly utilized as industrial drives. Online condition monitoring and diagnosis of faults that occur inside and/or outside of the Induction Motor Drive (IMD) system makes the motor highly reliable, helping to avoid unsched-uled downtimes, which cause more revenue loss and disruption of production, thus making it as the extensively used industrial drive. This can be achieved only when the irregularities produced out of the fault circumstance are sensed at that instant itself and diagnosed as to what and where happened for suitable action by the protective equipment employed. This requires intelligent control with high performance scheme. Hence, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based Neuro-Genetic implementation with Back Propagation Neural Network (BPN) is suggested in this article to diagnose the fault more efficiently and almost instantly. It is reported that the classifica-tion of neural network will provide the output within 2 µs although the clone procedure with mi-crocontroller requires 7 ms. This intelligent control with high performance technique is applied to the IMD fed by Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) to diagnose the fault external to the induction motor occurring in the VSI supply system. The proposed approach was simulated and experimentally validated

Diels–Alder Reaction of Tropones with Arynes: Synthesis of Functionalized Benzobicyclo[3.2.2]nonatrienones

A new procedure for the mild, practical, and scalable Diels–Alder reaction of tropones with arynes is reported. Differently substituted tropones undergo selective [4 + 2] cycloaddition with arynes generated in situ by the fluoride-induced 1,2-elimination of 2-(trimethylsilyl)­aryl triflates, allowing the formation of functionalized benzobicyclo[3.2.2]­nonatrienone derivatives in moderate to good yields. In addition, the photophysical properties of the cycloadducts are presented

Selective Synthesis of <i>N</i>‑Unsubstituted and <i>N</i>‑Arylindoles by the Reaction of Arynes with Azirines

The transition-metal-free and temperature-dependent highly selective reaction of arynes with 2<i>H</i>-azirines allowing the synthesis of either <i>N</i>-unsubstituted or <i>N</i>-arylindoles has been developed. At 60 °C, arynes generated from 2-(trimethylsilyl)­aryl triflates smoothly insert into 2<i>H</i>-azirines to form 2,3-diarylindoles with high selectivity. Interestingly, when the reaction was performed at −10 °C, the selectivity was switched to the formation of 1,2,3-triarylindoles in good yields

The Aryne [2,3] Stevens Rearrangement

Arynes are employed in the transition-metal-free and mild [2,3] Stevens rearrangement of tertiary allylic amines for the synthesis of functionalized homoallylic amines in moderate to good yield with a broad substrate scope. The key nitrogen ylide intermediate was generated by the <i>N</i>-arylation of allyl amines using arynes. Moreover, the reaction of chiral allyl amines with arynes resulted in the enantiospecific synthesis of homoallylic amines. In addition, preliminary studies on the [1,2] Stevens rearrangement is also presented

Is MTHFR 677 C>T Polymorphism Clinically Important in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)? A Case-Control Study, Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.

BACKGROUND:Optimum efficiency of the folate pathway is considered essential for adequate ovarian function. 677 C>T substitution in the 5, 10-methylene tertrahydrofolatereductase (MTHFR) gene compromises activity of the MTHFR enzyme by about 50%. The significance of correlation between 677C>T substitution and PCOS remains dubious due to the low power of published studies. METHODS AND RESULTS:We analyzed MTHFR 677 C>T site in ethnically two different PCOS case-control groups (total 261 cases and 256 controls) from India. The data analysis revealed a lack of association between this polymorphism and PCOS [OR = 1.11 (95%CI = 0.71-1.72), P = 0.66]. Group-wise analysis on the basis of ethnicity also revealed no association in any of the ethnic groups [Indo-Europeans, P = 1; Dravidians, P = 0.70]. Homocysteine levels did not differ significantly between cases (15.51 μmol/L, SD = 2.89) and controls (15.89 μmol/L, SD = 2.23). We also undertook a meta-analysis on 960 cases and 1028 controls, which suggested a significant association of the substitution with PCOS in the dominant model of analysis (OR = 1.47 (95%CI = 1.04-2.09), P = 0.032]. Trial sequential analysis corroborated findings of the traditional meta-analysis. However, we found that the conclusions of meta-analysis were strongly influenced by studies that deviated from the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. A careful investigation of each study and a trial sequential analysis suggested that 677 C>T substitution holds no clinical significance in PCOS in most of the populations. CONCLUSION:In conclusion, MTHFR 677 C>T polymorphism does not affect PCOS risk in India. The association seen in the meta-analysis is due to an outlier study and studies showing deviation from the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium